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CHAPTER 5:TYPES OF UTILITY PROGRAMS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

• System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices.
• An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources
• Start and shut down a computer
• Provide a user interface
• manage programs
• manage memory
• Coordinate tasks
• Configure devices
• Establish an internet connection
• Monitor performance
• Provide utilities
• Automatically update
• Control a network
• Administer security

Operating System Functions

• The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting.
• COLD BOOT
• Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely.
• WARM BOOT
• Using the operating system to restart a computer.
• How a PC Boot
• Step 1: The power supply sends a signal to the components in the system unit.
• Step 2: The processor finds the ROM chip(s) that contains the BIOS (basic input?output system).
• Step 3: The BIOS perform the POST(power-on self test),which checks components,such as the mouse,keyboard,and adapter cards
• Step 4: The results of the POST are compared with data in a CMOS chip.
• Step 5: The BIOS may look for the system files on a USB flash drive or on an optical disc drive or may look directly on drive C (hard disk).
• Step 6: The system files and the kernel of the operating system load into memory (RAM) from storage (i.e.hard disk).
• Step 7: The operating system loads configuration information,may request user information,starts several background processes,and displays the desktop on the screen.
• A boot drive is the drive from which your computer starts
• You can boot from a boot disk.
• A recovery disk contains a few system files that will start the computer.
• An operating system includes various shut down options
• Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions,and then places the computer in a low-power state.
• Hibernate saves any open documents and programs to hard disk before removing power from the computer.
• A user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen.
• With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images.
• With a command-line interface,a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions.
• How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity
• Single user and multiuser
• Single tasking and multitasking
• Foreground and background
• Preemptive multitasking
• Multiprocessing
• Memory management optimizes the use of RAM.
• Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM.
• The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed
• A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific device.
• Plug and Play automatically configures new devices as you install them.
• Operating systems typically provide a means to establish internet connections.
• A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices.
• Operating systems often provide users with the capability of; 
• Managing files
• Searching for files
• Viewing images
• Securing a computer
• Uninstalling programs
• Cleaning up disks
• Defragmenting disks
• Diagnosing problems
• Backing up files and disks
• Setting up screen savers
• Automatic update automatically provides updates to the program
• Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network.
• A server operating system organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share resources on a network.
• A network administrator uses the server operating system to:
• Add and remove users, computers, and other devices
• Install software and administer network security
• Each user has a user account
• A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user
• A password is a private combination of character associated with the user name
• Types of Operating Systems
• Stand-alone
• DOS
• Early Windows versions(Windows 3.x, Windows 95,Windows NT Workstation, Windows 98, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows XP, Windows Vista) 
• Windows 7
• Mac OS X
• UNIX
• Linux
• Server
• Early Windows Server versions (Windows NT Server, Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003)
• Windows Server 2008
• UNIX
• Linux
• Solaris
• NetWare
• Embedded
• An embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic device

• Windows Embedded CE
• Windows Phone 7
• Palm OS
• iPhone OS
• BlackBerry
• Google Android
• Embedded Linux
• Symbian OS

Stand-Alone Operating Systems

• A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device
• Windows 7
• is Microsoft's fastest, most efficient operating system to date and is available in multiple editions:
• Windows 7
• Windows 7 Home Premium
• Windows 7 Ultimate
• Windows 7 Professional
• provides programs such as:
• Windows Firewall
• Windows DVD Maker
• Windows Media Player
• Desktop Gadget Gallery
• Mac OS X
• The Macintosh operating system has set the standard for operating system ease of use
• Latest version is Mac OS X
• UNIX
• is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s.
• Linux
• is an open-source, popular, multitasking UNIX-type operating system

Server Operating Systems

• Windows Server 2008
• is an upgrade to Windows Server 2003
• Part of the Windows Server 2008 family
• Multiple editions
• Most editions include Hyper-V,a virtualization technology
• Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources
• UNIX
• Linux
• Solaris
• NetWare

Utility Programs

• is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks
• A file manager is a utility that performs functions related to file management
• Displaying a list of files
• Organizing files in folders
• Copying,renaming,deleting,moving,and sorting files and folders
• Creating shortcuts
• A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you specify.
• An image viewer allows users to display,copy, and print the contents of a graphics file.
• An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files.
• A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files
• Download program files
• Temporary internet files
• Deleted files
• Unused program files
• A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer's hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster
• Defragmenting
• A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium.
• A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form.
• A screen saver causes a display device's screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no activity occurs for a specified time.
• A personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized instrusions.
• A virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a computer negatively.
• A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network.
• A Trojan horse hides within or looks like a legitimate program.
• An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses.
• Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the user's knowledge that secretly collects information about the user.
• A spyware remover detects and deletes spyware and other similar programs.
• Adware displays on online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window.
• An adware remover is a program that detects and deletes adware.
• Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed
• Web filtering software
• Anti-spam programs
• Phishing filters
• Pop-up blockers
• A  file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s)
• Compressing files frees up room on the storage media
• Two types of compression
• Lossy
• Lossless
• Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files
• can be uncompressed
• A media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio,and watch video files on your computer.
• Disc burning software writes text,graphics, audio,and video files on a recordable or rewritable optical disc.
• A personal computer maintenance utility identifies and fixes operating system problems,detects and repairs disk problems, and includes the capability of improving a computer's performance.