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Chapter 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB AND INTERNET

• The INTERNET is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses,government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.

Evolution of the Internet

• The internet originated as APPANET in September 1969 and had two main goals:
• allow scientists at different physical location to share information and work together
• function even if part of the network were disabled  or destroyed by a disaster
• Each organization is responsible only for maintaining its own network
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) oversees research and sets guidelines and standards
• Internet 2 connects more than 200 universities and 115 companies via a high-speed private network
• Many home and small business users connect to yhe internet via high-speed broadband internet service
• An access provider is a business that provides individuals and organization access to the internet free or for a fee

How a Home User's Data and Information Might Travel the Internet Using a Cable Modern Connection

Step 1: You initiate an action to request data or information from the internet.For example,you request to display a Web page on your computer screen.

Step 2: A cable modern transfers the computer's digital signals to the cable television line in your house.

Step 3: Your request (digital signals) travels through cable television lines to a central cable system, which s shared by up to 500 homes in a neighborhood.\

Step 4: The central cable system sends your request over high-speed fiber-optic lines to the cable operator, who often also is the ISP.

Step 5: The ISP routes your request through the internet backbone to the destination server (in this example, the server that contains the requested Web site)

Step 6: The server retrieves the requested Web page and sends it back through the internet backbone to your computer.

• An IP  address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the internet
• A domain name is the text version of an IP address
• Top-level domain (TLD)
• A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address

The World Wide Web

• The World Wide Web,or Web, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents (Web pages).
• A Web site is a collection of related Web pages and associated items.
• A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer.
• Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a means for users to interact.
• A Web browser, or browser, allows users to access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs
• Internet Explorer
• Firefox
• Opera
• Safari
• Google Chrome

How a Web Browser Display a Home Page

Step 1: Start the Web browser software by clicking the Web browser icon on the taskbar or typing the Web browser name in the search box on the Start menu.

Step 2: Behind the scenes, the Web browser looks up its home page setting. For illustration purposes only, the screen on the right shows the home page setting is msn.com.

Step 3: The Web browser communicates with a server maintained by your internet access provider. The server translates the domain name of the home page to an IP address and then sends the IP address to your computer.

Step 4: The Web browser users the IP address to contact the Web server associated with the home page and then requests the home page from the server.The Web server sends the home page to the Web browser,which formats the page for display on your screen. 

• A home pages is the first page that a Web site displays
• Web pages provide links to other related Web pages
• Surfing the Web
• Downloading is the process of receiving information
• Some Web pages are designed specifically for microbrowsers
• A Web page has a unique address called a URL or Web address
• Tabbed browsing allows you to open and view multiple Web pages in a single Web browser window.
• Two types of search tools are search engines and subject directories:
• SEARCH ENGINES-finds information related to a specific topic
• SUBJECT DIRECTORY-classifies Web pages in an organized set of categories
• A search engine is helpful in locating items such as:
• Images
• Videos
• Audio
• Publications
• Maps
• People or Businesses
• Blogs
• Some Web browsers contain an Instant Search box eliminate the steps of displaying the search engine's Web page prior to entering the search text.
• There are thirteen types of Web sites:
• Portal
• News
• Informational
• Business/ Marketing
• Blog
• Wiki
• Online Social Network
• Educational
• Entertainment
• Advocacy
• Web Application 
• Content Aggregator
• Personal
• Information presented on the Web must be evaluated for accuracy
• No one oversees the content of Web pages
• Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with:
• Graphics
• is a digital representation of non text information
• Graphic formats include BMP,GIF,PNG,and TIFF
• A thumbnail is a small version of a larger graphic

• Animation
• is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence
• Audio
• includes music,speech,or any other sound 
• Compressedto reduce file size
• You listen to audio on your computer using a player
• Streaming is the process of transferring data in a continuous and even flow
• ACC-advanced audio coding
• AIFF-audio interchange file format
• ASF-advanced streaming(or systems) format(part of windows media framework)
• MP3-moving pictures experts group audio layer 3(MPEG-3)
• Ogg-free,unpatented audio and video format
• WAV-windows waveform
• WMA-windows media audio(part of Windows Media framework)
• RA-real audio sound file (supported by Real Player)
• OT-quick time audio,video,or 3-D animation

How to Purchase and Download Music Using iTunes

Step 1: Display the iTunes program on the screen,Search for, select ,and pay for the music you want to purchase from the iTunes Music Store,which is integrated in the iTunes program.

Step 2: Download the music from the iTunes Music Store server to your computer's hard disk.

Step 3: Listen to the music from your computer's hard disk.Download music from your computer's hard disk to a portable media player. Listen to the music through earbuds attached to the portable media player.

• Video 
• consists of images displayed in motion.
• Virtual Reality
• is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space.
• A plug-in is a program that extends the capability of a Web browser.
• Web publishing is the development and maintenance of Web pages
• Plan a Web site
• Analyze and design a Web site
• Create a Web site
• Deploy a Web site
• Maintain a Web site

E-Commerce

• E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs over an electronic network.
• M-commerce identifies e-commerce that takes place using mobile devices.

An Example of E-Retail

Step 1: The customer displays the e-retailer's electronic storefront.

Step 2: The customer collects purchases in an electronic shopping cart.

Step 3: The customer enters payment information on a secure Web site.The e-retailer sends financial information to a bank.

Step 4: The bank performs security checks and sends authorization back to the e-retailer.

Step 5: The e-retailer's Web server sends confirmation to the 

customer,processes the order,and then sends it to the fulfillment center.

Step 6: The fulfillment center packages the order,prepares it for shipment,and then sends a report to the server where records are updated.

Step 7: While the order travels to the customer, shipping information is posted on the Web.

Step 8: The order is delivered to the customer, who may be required to sign a handheld computer or document to acknowledge receipt.

Other Internet Services

• E-mail is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network.
• An e-mail program allows you to create,send,receive,forward ,store,print,and delete e-mail messages.

How an E-Mail May Travel from a Sender to a Receiver

Step 1: Using an e-mail program, you create and send a message.

Step 2: You e-mail program contacts software on you service provider's outgoing mail server.

Step 3: Software on the outgoing mail server determines the best route for the data and sends the  message,which travels along internet routers to the recipient's incoming mail server.

Step 4: When the recipient uses an e-mail program to check for e-mail messages,the message transfers from the incoming mail server to the recipient's computer.